Surrogate Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surrogate Decision Making - Essay Example A patient that is unable to give their consent due to their physical or mental limitations will require a surrogate. If a person were in a state of unconsciousness they would be unable to grant consent. If the patient were deemed incompetent to make an informed decision, this case would also require a surrogate. Comatose patients on life support are in the position of having someone else make their medical decisions for them. If a patient is incapacitated or incompetent, the decision is left to a responsible surrogate in a process called vicarious consent. If an incapacitated patient has a written document such as a living will or power of attorney, this can serve as a surrogate. In the absence of any document individual states have recommended protocols for the hierarchy of decision making. Generally the immediate family is the first to be considered. The spouse, parents, siblings, adult children, or a guardian may all be called upon to be a surrogate. If none of these are available, a close friend can act as a surrogate. The surrogate should be close enough to the patient that they not only act on their best behalf, but also are able to consider the incapacitated patient's wishes. There may be cases where there are no surrogates available. People who have no family or friends can be referred to a medical ethics committee to act as a surrogate.

Paul Ricoeur’s Philosophy and Theology. Essay Example for Free

Paul Ricoeur’s Philosophy and Theology. Essay Paul Ricoeur was born to a devout Protestant family and grew up with his aunt since he was two years of age. Because his mother died and his father was killed during the World War I, he grew up as an orphan in a small remuneration afforded to him by the government as a war orphan. He was a bookish and an exceptional student during his time; his family’s influence brought him up with Protestant faith. He studied philosophy at Sourbonne and got influence from Gabriel Marcel. During World War I, he served the French army in 1939, became prisoner of war in Germany for five years. During his stay at the camp, he met other intellectuals like Mikel Dufrenne and read a lot about Karl Jaspers who was to have a great influence on him. After the war, he continued his studies and in 1950, he received his doctorate degree. He was given opportunity to work as the Chair of General Philosophy in his alma mater in 1956; from there he began his work as a prolific writer sharing his philosophy and theology. Throughout his life, he was known and respected as one of the most impressive philosophers of the 20th century. Every event in his life has contributed to what he believed in. His Christian belief was influenced by his family; his philosophical view was influences of people he met, he talk, and read. He is a well-known Christian philosopher yet, his writings were appreciated by both non-Christian and Christian. Paul’s Ricoeur’s Philosophy Ricoeur’s philosophical is central to the meaning of life and self. Recoeur’s philosophy is based on the two questions about the self. These questions answers are about the identity of the self and how should it live. Recoeur viewed self hood as inter-subjective capacity for agency and self self-ascription, and anybody can acquire. It means that self as an agency, and self-ascription. However, in his exploration of the issue, he discussed the philosophical thinking in five aspects namely: hermeneutic philosophy, post-Hegelian-Kantian methodology, narrative theory, philosophy of the self, and a moral-political philosophy. Hermeneutics is defined as a system through which a certain belief is interpreted using a specific theory and method for interpretation. Paul’s hermeneutics philosophy according to Paul Ricceur and Richard Keamey is of twofold source of reflection: the hermeneutics of testimony and the hermeneutics of the self. In their explanation, Paul had come up with a thesis, which concludes that testimony must give something to be interpreted as in history, and this testimony will be the object of interpretation. The hermeneutics of self on the other hand pertains to the role in which attestation has to play. David Kaplan in his article explained that hermeneutics for Ricoeur is interpretation of knowledge through its signs, symbols, and texts; it is interpretation of human works and actions. The Post-Hegelian Kantian philosophy on the other hand, is mediation for Ricoeur in such a way that it is combining two different views. Ricoeur accepted Kant’s claim that ideas of morality and history is understandable, and that it has universal validity because of its theoretical and practical reasons. Hegel on the other hand, viewed evil in the world as the â€Å"cunning of reason† as helpful for man in realizing a reality. Thus, post-Hegelian Kantian means that expectation is a hope for a humanity belonging to a history, which as a whole is a collective singular. This vision of history is the foundation of ethics and laws in Kant. This implies that Ricoeur acknowledges the concept of totality as long as its scope of reflection is limited to universal rationality (or history). He is actually recognizing that any differences could be regarded as related as in plurality of voices (or idea) yet, reasons behind could be recognized when philosophy tries to find it. Ricoeur’s thesis in Time and Narrative presents that human experience and narration exist. Through hermeneutics, one can easily interpret human experience because it has narration or plot. Narration theory therefore, is telling, writing, and understanding of fictional stories, as Kaplan explained. Narration or plot according to Wall, Schweiker and Hall is an integration of philosophy of action and philosophy of language into a synthesis. By means of this integration, a production of narration is come alive through voluntary and involuntary human actions, its symbolic language, and conflicts, which are to be interpreted through hermeneutics methods linking the time and history. The Philosophy of Self or Philosophy of subjectivity is an attempt anyone can do to elucidate the meaning of man’s existence. Ricceur and Kearney explicate Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of self into the sovereign self and the destructive self. The sovereign self according to them represents the idea in its meaning in the modern philosophy, which pervades modern culture and develops the self-image of people in the modern society. The deconstructive self on the other hand presents self as pure extensionless, consciousness, already established in being. Self therefore has the capability of combining knowledge, and it is vulnerable for it seeks certainty and security. At this point, will and reason are very important to human for they are the instruments for self-preservation and self-advancement. Signs and symbols and human experience are essential for man to interpret the meaning of their existence. Moral Philosophy for Ricoeur emphasizes that human being is capable of affirming the limits of one’s own moral perspective and embracing God’s critical transformative power. Being a Bible believer, he believed that everyone has moral responsibility, which accounts directly to moral value. Wall Schweiker and Hall noted that these moral values could be deeply explored from distinctive theological and hermeneutical perspective as what Ricoeur tried to point out. The issue of moral thought or moral responsibility in the study of Ricoeur’s philosophy offers important remedy to present ethical situations or problems. Moral ethics is an expression of human capability though fallible man yet has the ability to embody moral values through the power of God by simply being humble enough to acknowledge weaknesses. Paul Ricoeur’s Theology According to Julisn F. Woods, Paul Recoeur approaches theology by asking questions such as: â€Å"Where is freedom? Or does le coincide with the discovery and understanding of an inner necessity deeper than choice and kind of autonomy? In a word, does the highest degree of freedom consist in the surging up of an absolute power of choosing or in the love fate? † These questions prelude Ricoeur’s ethical approach and hermeneutical approach to theology. Recoeur consider theology and philosophy to be distinct in terms of their contents. He sees theology as hermeneutical, which provides cross-disciplinary, cross-traditional conversational quest for truth. Recoeur was particularly interested in Biblical exegeses and has written an essay in collaboration with other New Testament scholars. He adopted Boltmanian tradition engaging in historical criticism while also affirming the breadth of Biblical genres. In the essay entitled â€Å"Ethics and Considerations on the Golden Rule† Recoeur cited that Christian Ethics or communal ethics in religious perspectives, as he calls it, consist in the tension between unilateral love and bilateral justice, and in mutual interpretation of each of these in terms of the other. According to Mark Wallace, Recoeur’s religious thought that as one attempts to interpret the Bible, it actually begins with the risk of understanding biblical language including symbols and signs. Recoeur himself stated that interpretation of the Bible should be in accordance with testimonies of the witnesses particularly the Jewish community. He regarded that the Christian message is meaningful and is worthy of consideration, and that examining it will it self very fully. For Ricoeur, the God of the Bible cannot be theoretically proven as a staple of reason or as a fact alongside other facts in our empirical experience. He believes that Gods existence cannot be proven by any natural theology that necessitates thought or the knowledge of empirical objects. Wallace pointed out that Recoeur relies on signs, not on proofs in interpretation of the language. Recoeur believed that pertaining to scripture language it relies on the signs and traces of a reality testified to at the horizon of philosophical reflection that demands to be interpreted and understood. In the argument of language interpretations, Ricoeur balances it against the possibility of error in the testimony of the witnessing community and regard it a risk that would result in false testimony. Wallace noted that the risk must be taken because the stakes are so high. Therefore, Ricoeur believed in the truthfulness of the Bible being the ultimate source of God’s words. Interpretation of it should undergo hermeneutical approach based on history by knowing underlying concepts suggested in symbols, signs and text. For Ricoeur, the stakes is the possibility of Biblical language being a faithful trace of God’s presence in the Jewish and Christian communities. He believed that the knowledge of the absolute is never given in an absolute sense but only relative to the contingent and fallible signs that the divine life gives of itself in its generosity. Ricoeur agreed that religion deals with man’s ultimate concern and that the New Testament calls to be Christ like, is the counterpart of the mandated self of the Hebrew Bible.

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills Among the other four skills, listening is the one that has been most forgotten and neglected in second language classrooms. So teachers dont pay much attention to this skill and teach it carelessly. In the field of language teaching and learning proficiency has tended to be viewed as the ability of speaking and writing in language in question. Listening and reading skills are in the second position. One reason for this situation might be the demanding characteristic of the listening skill. Listening has gained a new importance in language classrooms after spreading IT technology based information in society in Iran. Moreover it should be mentioned that most of the students class time is devoted to the listening. Despite this, we often take importance of listening for granted, and it is the most overlooked skill among other skills. In natural order of learning any language, listening stands at first rank. Without any reception one can not produce anything. Though, if a teacher wants t o have fluent and productive students, he/she should pay much and necessary attention to teaching listening skill. Listening Some of the teachers believe that speaking should be actively discouraged. One of the reasons of emphasizing listening and delaying speaking is based on an opinion. Those who give importance to speaking view the language as a product and think that language is a behavior and speaking is the manifestation of this learning or happening. On the contrary, there are approaches that gave more importance to listening Nation, Newton (2009). in this approach of language learning , listening is at the center. All of the information necessary for building up the knowledge for using language comes from receptive skills: listening, and reading. When the knowledge of language in this regard is built the learner can write and speak. In other words, with out any input, the outcome or output should be nothing. Gray and Gray (1981) described the benefits of delaying speaking and concentrating on listening. These benefits include the following: 1. The learner is not overloaded by having to focus on two or more skills at the same time-a cognitive benefit. 2. Speed of coverage -receptive knowledge grows faster than productive knowledge. 3. It is easy to move very quickly to realistic communicative listening activities. 4. L earners will not feel shy or worried about their language classes. Having to speak a foreign language, particularly when you know very little, can be a frightening experience. 5. Listening activities are well studied to independent learning through listening to readings. Critics believe that producing a language is not sufficient for learning. In language learning substantial quantities of receptive activity should be included in the mind for future use. To speak communicatively and to convey and understand the meaning, one should have a previous language knowledge and information in his/her mind. Models of listening Traditionally listening was viewed as a passive skill through which the listener or hearer received information sent by message senders. More recently listening is viewed as an active and interpretive process by which the message is not fixed but is made or created by participants. (Newton,Nation.2009) Types of listening According to Nation and Newton (2009) there are two types of listening: 1. One-way listening-typically associated with the transfer of information. 2. Two-listening- typically associated with maintaining social relations. As it is understood, in the first type of listening one can listen to monologues which are one way productions without any pause and stop to clarification. While in two-way listening both sides of interaction are active in a natural sounding dialogues. Listening process One of the listening processes is bottom-up one. In this process the message goes from the parts to the whole by piece. In this process the listener uses information which is already present in data. The other process in listening is top -down process. As Nation and Newton (2009) state this process involves the listener in inferencing. The listener goes from whole to parts. Listeners previous knowledge or information and his /her content of schemata help him/her to predict what the message will be. According to the above mentioned processes, listening is not a single skill but as a variety of sub-skills (Nation, Newton, 2009). So listening comprehension is a top-down approach which focuses on meaning and need much care and attention. Problems with traditional model There are a lot of problems with traditional models of teaching listening skills. In old methods of teaching the responsibility of learning were not upon the shoulders of the students. Teachers set goals. Chose material and control the equipments. There were little room for students preferences. the fact that the teacher still tends to choose the material becomes even harder to justify now that a wide range of spoken language is available to students outside the language classroom through a satellite TV and the internet (Goodith White, 2006). some of the teachers of this model , and learners are regarded as passive over-hearers rather than active participants in the listening process. They are often listening to audio or video tape which they can not stop. In order to clarify and solve the comprehension problems, it is necessary for them to integrate or interact with the speakers. In real life situations, listeners play an active and important role in dialogues and speech acts. They show interest, ask questions, ask for repetitions, and cause the speakers to modify some parts. Some ways of improving the teaching of listening It seems clear that the way of teaching listening needs to be modified and changed. In order to engage the students in the subject and make them active in the learning process some of the traditional problems of regarding models of teaching listening should be avoided. It is better to allow students to: 1.choose what they listen to 2. make their own listening text 3. control their equipment 4. give the instructions 5. design their own listening task 6. reflect on their problems in listening(White,2006). Goals for teaching and learning listening White (1998) states the listening skill goals as: -understanding short utterances on a literal semantic level -understanding interactive discourse -understanding the functional/illocutionary force of an utterance -interpreting utterances in terms of the situation -resolving comprehension problems by seeking help from the speaker -remembering input, monitoring, and evaluating how well one is understanding. Conclusion I tried to persuade the readers through these pages that the methodology for teaching listening needs to be changed. All aspects of listening skills should be covered and lead to true competence in listening with in a communicative competence framework. Suggestion is to deal with the listening in a more task based area of attention and authenticity of listening materials needs to be at the center of attention. Students and listeners should be encouraged to take more responsibility for developing their listening ability.

Music Speech :: essays research papers fc

Do you sing at the top of our lungs daily in your car on the way to school, in the shower, or while cleaning your house? Music is a way of life. It is a worldwide language that we can all share in and enjoy. Music is my passion. I’ve been actively involved in choirs, musicals, private lessons, and other musical performances for almost all my life. I don’t think most people realize how important music is to education, work skills, and communication. The fundamentals of learning are instilled into a child at a very young age. Research has shown that involvement in music programs improves a child’s early cognitive development and basic math and reading abilities. There are schools attempting to eliminate teaching musical arts to our children. The board of education claims they must provide education by concentrating on the basic academic courses, but what they don't realize is that music is a major part of basic education. Music as a separate and thorough curriculum can have dramatic positive changes in the learning process of young people. They call it "musical math," in which the teacher incorporates rhythm with counting and gaining a grasp on the fundamentals of math. With the rhythm, they are able to learn basic elements of math like fraction and multiplication. American children are lagging behind in their math and science abilities as compared to their foreign counterparts and music could be just the ca talyst we need to catch up. Successful music students tend to possess the qualities and skills that are generally considered essential to employers in business, education and service organizations. Learning music takes extreme self-discipline and creativity. It has been shown to raise self-esteem and make society more confident in their abilities. It is an easy outlet to release frustrations to get rid of the burden on your shoulders. It uplifts and motivates the spirit and gives people a more positive outlook on life and situations. It is important to cut down on stress in our daily lives and any way that we can do that is beneficial to our health in some way or another. Musical groups such as choir, orchestra or band help bring people together as well as improving communication skills, group work, and forming peer groups. Music creates a higher standard of performance of people. Normal people settle for the standard 90%, but in a musical setting, a performance of only 90% would be very disappointing to t he performer and the audience.

Analysis of Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare Essay

In â€Å"Sonnet 18† by William Shakespeare and â€Å"Death† by John Donne, both poems describe how death is escaped. Both writers suggest that we shouldn’t fear death, because with death comes life. The use of imagery, metaphors, and personification are used to develop these themes of the sonnets. However, each sonnet addresses how they view immortality in different ways. While â€Å"Sonnet 18† focuses on immortality by capturing beauty, immortality in â€Å"Death† is viewed through a religious perspective. The speaker of the poem â€Å"Death† shows fearlessness in the first stanza of the poem. â€Å"Death be not proud, though some have called thee/Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so† (1-2). Here death is being personified and confronted about his arrogant ways. The speaker lets death know that he is not as strong and scary as people perceive him to be. In the following lines death is brought down even more. The speaker reveals that death can’t really end our life because when we die we would then begin living eternally. John Donne uses his belief in Christianity to suggest to the reader there is life after death. The writer uses a metaphor in line five to compare death to â€Å"rest and sleep† to make matters worse. â€Å"From Rest and Sleep, which but thy picture be† (5). Rest and sleep are two things that are peaceful and calm, and are things we aren’t scared of at all. Sleep is interpreted as a temporary death which we wake up from in t his poem. The speaker talks about how death is doing people a favor by ending their life. â€Å"And soonest our best men with thee do go-/Rest of their bones and souls’ delivery† (7-8). These two stanzas propose that when death presents itself to us, we will finally be relieved of the pain, agony, and troubles of the world. Within stanza nine, imagery is used to describe the true image of death. Death is characterized as a servant who follows the rules of fate, chance, and kings as they are the only ones who make the calls on who dies or not.â€Å"Thou’rt slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men† (9). While death tries to fool us into to thinking he is the one who controls us, we realize that Death is really the one who is being controlled. As we read through the poem, we find out things about Death like who he associates with. The writer makes Death seem like someone we should not be afraid of when he affiliates him with poison, war, and sickness. In contrast the speaker’s beloved escapes death in â€Å"Sonnet 18† because he is written about in a poem. The poem starts off showing appreciation towards beauty by asking if he should compare his friend to a summer’s day (1). Within this stanza development, the speaker uses imagery to describe his beloved to a summer day. When we talk about summer time, we think of nice weather, nature’s beauty, and sunshine, all things which are compared to his beloved. Shakespeare repeatedly uses the word â€Å"more† in the second stanza to further suggest how beautiful this person is. He continues to going into detail about his friend, and how â€Å"Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimm’d† (5-6). Here the eye of heaven is a metaphor that is represented as the sun. The writer comments on summer’s imperfections to remind the reader that summer isn’t always perfect. Sometimes summer is too hot, and other times the sun is dimmed by the clouds. We capture the temporariness of summer’s season in Shakespeare’s sonnet as well. Stanzas seven through nine emphasize how everything eventually comes to an end as time goes on (7-9). We know that as fall approaches and the weather becomes colder, nature becomes vulnerable. Leaves begin to fall from the trees and flowers begin to die. The writer makes a contradiction about the mortality of his beloved though. â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade† (9). This suggests that his beloved’s beauty will not end like the season of summer does. Finally the writer explains that as long as people are alive to read poems, his beloved will be immortal because the sonnet brings life to the person he is referring to (13-14). These last stanzas reveal a metaphor that argues his beloved is better than a summer day because unlike summer, his beloved’s beauty will never fade. Both sonnets escape the inevitable because of their different views on death. While the writer of â€Å"Sonnet 18† defeats death by capturing beauty in a poem, John Donne defeats death by belief of what is to come after this life. These two poems suggest that we shouldn’t fear mortality because it only reveals life after death. Work cited Donne, John. â€Å"Death.† The Giant Book of Poetry. Ed. William Roetzhem. San Diego: Level Four Press, Inc.2006. 21. Print. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Sonnet XVIII.† The Giant Book of Poetry. Ed. William Roetzhem. San Diego: Level Four Press, Inc.2006. 13.Print.

Childrens Literature Essays

Childrens Literature Essays Childrens Literature Paper Childrens Literature Paper Essay Topic: Literature Which of the following is not a major value of sharing literature with children? Curriculum modification Studies show that Children go through the same stages of language development although the rate of development varies. A teacher who is leading childrens discussions about a series of books on the same subject written by different authors is encouraging cognitive development through? Comparing According to child development authority Joann Hendrick, which is not a stage of emotional development encompassed by early childhood? Insight and perspective versus self-condemnation The ability to express emotions, express empathy towards others, and develop feelings of selfworth and self-esteem describes? Personality development Socialization is said to occur When children learn the ways of their groups so that they can function acceptable within them. How can books be expected to aid in the social development of children? Books help children deal with various emotions related to friendship; become aware of different views about the world; realize that both girls and boys can succeed in a wide range of roles. All of the above. Childrens responses to literature are influenced by? Developmental factors; the literature environment; early and continual reading. All of the above. The earliest history of childrens literature began with? The oral tradition Puritan influence of literature emphasized? Moral development of children. The enlightened belief for the late 1600s that children should go through a period of childhood rather than be treated as little adults was credited to? John Locke What is the major reason that todays prized Newbery Award was named for John Newbery? He was the first to be successful in publishing and marketing childrens books. Where did the Brothers Grimm find their fairy tales? They listened to German storytellers. Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland is considered one of the first childrens books written Purely to give pleasure to children; without a trace of a lesson or moral; as a fantasy for children. All of the above. In the 1980s, what type of literature was most frequently banned? Anti-American Optimism, religious values, patriotism, stability, respect for older generations, and traditional family models characterize the childrens literature of what age? 1938-1960 What is the usual source of plots in literature? Conflict Literary conflicts in which the main characters actions, desires, or values differ from those of others around him or her represent conflicts of? Person against society. Why is person against self conflict a popular device in childrens literature? All children must overcome fears and personal problems while growing up. In which genre would accuracy in setting probably be most important? Biography Which of the following is the definition of theme? The underlying idea that ties the plot, character, and setting together. The most powerful determinants of childrens reading are? Accessibility, readability, and interest. Why are themes difficult to identify? They are short phrases hidden in the story; they are often implied rather than directly stated; they are not always in stories. All of the above. The role of illustrations in childrens literature is to Inspire the imagination; complement the text; invite the reader. All of the above. Artists use line to suggest? Direction; motion and energy; mood. All of the above. A book page design with text placed opposite bordered illustrations on adjacent pages is considered? The most formal arrangement. The most informal type of page design would be? No text or word. Of the various media available to the artist, which of the following is among the oldest? Woodcuts. The earliest books for children were illustrated with which of the following? Black and White Woodcuts. A technique in which bits of objects are pasted to a surface is called a Collage Exposing children to art through picture books helps Develop their appreciation for and understanding of art, artists, and texts. Foster understanding of specific cultures and the artist whose works represent them. Encourage lifelong reading. All of the above. Which of the following distinguishes picture books from other types of books? In picture books, the illustrations are as important as the text or even more important than the text. Mother Goose serves as an excellent introduction to verse for very young children because of its Rhyme, pleasing sounds, and rhythm. The Mother Goose rhyme Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers has repetition of sound called? Alliteration. Which of the following is probably the strongest reason that there have been so many collections of Mother Goose rhymes? They have strong, enduring appeal for children. Toy books can include? Board books, pop-up books, cloth and plastic books. All of the above. In alphabet books designed specifically to teach young children the letters and their sounds, which of the following is particularly important? Pictured objects should not have more than one commonly used name. When analyzing counting books for preschoolers, which of the following is least important? The books are designed to develop the concepts of addition and subtraction. Which of the following is an important criteria when selecting high quality wordless books? The depth of detail should be appropriate for the age level of the children. There should be a sequentially organized plot that provides a framework for children who are just developing organizational skills. The subject should appeal to children. All of the above. Which of the following is most important in developing characters for picture storybooks? The characters must experience situations and emotions that are immediately familiar and credible to children. In picture storybooks, setting is used to Establish the location of a story in time and place. Provide an antagonist. Emphasize symbolic meaning. All of the above. What is probably the greatest value of reading to children? Helping beginning readers develop an appreciation for books and literature. Which of the following is not a way to motivate writing with picture storybooks? Drawing new illustrations to replace some of the pictures. In general, why were traditional literature stories told? To speculate about the beginning of things. To relate stories about people who performed brave deeds. To relate stories of mythical heroes. All of the above. Similarities among tales from different countries emphasize that Humans throughout the world have had similar needs and problems. Folklore from around the world should? Reflect the original cultures beliefs. What is the most likely reason that so many folktales, even folktales of different origins, have the same types of themes and recurring actions? Folktales reflect universal themes and morals. Which of the following is a common theme in folktales? Good overcome evil. Intelligence wins out over physical strength. Kindness, diligence, and hard work bring rewards. All of the above. A motif in literature is A recurring element used in the development of a story. In which of the following types of folktales are respect for elders and the dragon a symbol of imperial authority common elements? Chinese Folktales considered truly indigenous to the United States are? Tall tales. Which of the following distinguishes legends from myths? Legends are based on historical events. Related Papers Importance of Literature Article Summary Banning of Books Slavery Georges Marvellous Medicine Essay Martiarchal Role in Literature of Greece What Makes a Piece Literature? Role of Religion in Early American Literature Women who are materialised by masculine characters in literature English literature unit 1 assignment 2 Approaches to Teaching Reading World Literature Essay Reading Comic May Help Students Do Better in School Baroque Literature How to cite this page Choose cite format: Childrens Literature. (2018, Jan 22). Retrieved from https://paperap.com/paper-on-childrens-literature/'>APA "Childrens Literature." PaperAp.com, 22 Jan 2018, https://paperap.com/paper-on-childrens-literature/'>MLA PaperAp.com. (2018). Childrens Literature. [Online]. Available at: https://paperap.com/paper-on-childrens-literature/[Accessed: 19 Sep. 2019]'>Harvard "Childrens Literature." PaperAp.com, Jan 22, 2018. Accessed September 19, 2019. https://paperap.com/paper-on-childrens-literature/'>Chicago "Childrens Literature." PaperAp.com, 22 Jan 2018, https://paperap.com/paper-on-childrens-literature/'>ASA "Childrens Literature," PaperAp.com, 22-Jan-2018. [Online]. 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Get custom paper sample written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteed Order now Childrens literature Paper The Midwife’s Apprentice Karen Cushman Sees Behind Trees Michael Dorris Out of the Dust Karen Hesse Number the Stars Lois Lowery Esperanza Rising Pam Munoz Ryan Roll of Thunder Hear my Cry Mildred Taylor Journey to Topaz Yoshiko Uchida The Watsons go to Birmingham Christopher Paul Curtis Linclon:a Photobiography Russell Freedman(Newberry) Hans Christian Anderson Hjordis Varmer Talkin about Bessie:The story of Aviator Elizabeth Coleman Nikki Grimes Yellow Star Jennifer Roy Amelia to Zora:Twenty-six women who changed the world Cynthia Chin-Lee Magic School Bus: Inside the Human Body Joanna Cole