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Ac 504 Ethical Issues - 1993 Words

Unit 6 Assignment AC 504 – Ethical Issues in Business Accounting June 23, 2015 Kumar Jadoo Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which is also known as the Public Company Accounting and Investor Protection Act or the Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act and then more commonly called Sarbanes-Oxley, or SOX, is a United States federal law that set new or enhanced standards for all of the United States public company boards, management and public accounting firms. The SOX act contains eleven different title, or sections that range from additional corporate board responsibilities to criminal penalties, requires the Securities and Exchange Commission to implement rulings on the requirements to comply with the†¦show more content†¦Ã¯â€š § Corporate Responsibility – contains eight sections and mandate senior executives take individual responsibility and liability for the accuracy and completeness of corporate financial reports. ï‚ § Enhanced Financial Disclosures – consists of nine sections that describe the enhanced reporting requirements for financial transactions, including off-balance-sheet transactions, pro-forma figures and corporate officers’ stock transactions. ï‚ § Analyst Conflicts of Interest – consists of only one section which includes defines the codes of conduct for securities analysts and requires disclosure of knowable conflicts of interest. ï‚ § Commission Resources and Authority – consists of four sections which defines various practices aimed at restoring investor confidence in securities analysts, and the SEC’s authority to punish securities professionals who deviate from standard practices. ï‚ § Studies and Reports – consists of five sections and requires the Comptroller General and the SEC to perform various studies as well as report their findings. ï‚ § Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Act of 2002 – consists of seven sections that describes the stiff criminal penalties associated with being guilty of manipulating, destroying or altering of financial records or otherwise interfering with investigations. ï‚ § White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement ActShow MoreRelatedAristole962 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Aristotle’s Philosophy Ruth Geter AC 504 Ethical Issues in Business and Accounting Unit 2 Assignment July 19, 2016 Aristotle Philosophy Introduction I have chosen Aristotle as my philosopher. â€Å"He was the first to argue that equals should be treated equally, and unequal’s should be treated unequally in proportion to their relevant differences† (Brooks and Dunn, 2014). 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBalance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 2 5 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture AffectRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesthe three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. 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Letters Free Essays

For the longest time I have felt abandoned and deserted in this world. I see the world move fast   around, feeling dizzy of the haste and hurry of each day and yet in spite of the all the color and life of the world I still felt like I’m in a desert, alone and far from anything alive. Reading this book has opened my eyes and has led me to see God in my everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Letters or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my life where I have felt alone and deserted for the longest time, it seems like a miracle that when you try and open your eyes and arms to embrace God’s presence you realize that he is indeed here with us. This book has taught me to open my heart to God and keep him welcome to stay and guide me. I believe that I felt that way for the longest time because I failed to recognize that everyday God is with me. That every achievement is a gift from God even the down times are gifts from God. You emphasized in your book that god is always with us, in the flesh of our brethren as Jesus has said in the bible that whatever we have done unto our brothers we have done unto him. Everyday God touches our lives through our fellowmen. I remember last Christmas, as I was walking home from the sweetshop, lonesome as I was, a young boy gave me a lollipop and it brightened my day. But back then I failed to recognize that it was God telling me that he is always with me, watching me and intending for me to be happy always. As I look back now I see that the emptiness that I felt is because I failed to recognize God’s presence in my life and my failure to offer back to his glory everything that I do in my life. It is more fulfilling to offer back to God everything that we do and to return to him all the praise and glory that we can give. There is no meaning in working for ourselves alone, but there is meaning in working for God and his people. Finally, I learned about forgiveness. I learned to forgive myself and other people as well by recognizing how forgiving God is with our trespasses. That no matter what we do, how much we have sinned, He always welcomes us with open arms and with his eternal love. This book is a call to return to God’s embrace. The Lord has used Elephant to call back his flock to return unto him. One chapter captures the great message of returning to God, the one which deals with Jesus, and who Jesus is. Indeed Jesus is the greatest love of all, he is God’s love for us all. He gave us Jesus his only son to save us from eternal damnation. As it is said in the Bible in John 3:16, â€Å"For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever shall believe in Him, will not perish, but will receive eternal life.† All the discussion about life,Who is God, God’s presence, Marriage, who the devil is, and others are all to me suppletory to the renewal of our faith in God. Elephant has aptly summed in a single chapter the greatest reason to believe and return to God and his embrace. To know the sacrifice that God has made in order to save us and give us the eternal life which he intended for us in the beginning as can be seen in Exodus 20:3-7â€Å"I am the Lord your God who brought you out of Egypt, where you were slaves. Worship no other god but me. Do not make for yourselves images of anything in heaven or on earth or in the water under the earth. Do not bow down to any idol or worship it, because I am the Lord your God and tolerate no rivals. I bring punishment on those who hate me and on their descendants down to the third and fourth generation. But I show my love to thousands of generations of those who love me and obey my laws.†Ã‚   Is enough reason for us to believe and believe firmly in God’s presence in our life. The small manifestations of his presence through our brethren should serve only to strengthen what he has proven when he gave us Jesus for our salvation. His greatest message of all, which God has conveyed through you, is that he, is here with us, he has always been here, and will always be here for us. There is no room for our faith to flicker because he is real and each of us is a living proof. I have angered God. In a lot of ways I have failed God. I have failed to render help to those who needed my help. I have failed to receive God when he needed shelter. I have failed to live a life that is pleasing to him. I have failed to be the child of God. I recognize all my failures but now I realize that I am wrong, I may have done all these but I have never angered God. God who has eternal love and a fountain of mercy and forgiveness. God who has given his son to save me from the fires of hell. I may be a sinner, but God has not given up on sinners like me. All throughout the bible, sinners are always given the chance to repent for their sins and God has always made a way for them to return back to him. I have realized, by reading this book that no matter how much you have sinned, if you receive God in your heart he will forgive you and receive you. If man comes with sincerity and bow before God, then God’s grace will forgive, and ultimately, save him Because God is love and love flows from him. I have long kept a fear that God hates me because I have angered him greatly through all my sins and wrongdoings but you have proven me wrong. I now know that His grace is eternal and unending. And I am no longer afraid of the end of my days because I know that God is with me and will always be with me, forgiving and loving until the end of time. How to cite Letters, Essay examples

Business Letter and Persuasive Memo free essay sample

As my begins her business career she will probably find herself writing more ____ than anything else? a. Letter, memo, email, reports. 2. First thing you ask when begin analyzing task 3. Best comm. Channel when discussing disagreement with someone in your office 4. Email messages and memos 5. Feedback 6. Subject lines 7. Standard Guide words (to, from) 8. Formatting hard copy memos 9. Indirect patterns and when to use each of them 10. All examples about requesting information (opening â€Å"ask for information†) 11. Formatting answers to request letters 12. Letters vs memos (inside vs outside office respectively) 13. When business letters are preferred over email messages 14. Everyday correspondence includes ____ 15. Routine business letters (what should be in each part) 16. When asking a series of questions in a business letter what is best way to present them 17. Formatting a letter 18. Closing as letter requesting information 19. Opening sentence for a straight forward claim letter 20. Goals in writing adjustment letters 21. Goodwill messages (5 S’s) 22. How to write a persuasive memo 23. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Letter and Persuasive Memo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How to increase your success in writing a persuasive memo 24. Each step of 3X3 writing process 25. Organizational patterns (GBRM for persuasive memo) 26. Direct and indirect benefits to the reader 27. GBRM 28. Best way to begin a complaint letter 29. How to be successful in your writing 30. What are the goals of communicating bad news 31. How to make bad feelings go away or be reduced 32. 4 part indirect plan for bad news (buffer, reason, bad news, closing) 33. Libel and Slander 34. Good guy syndrome and careless language 35. Purpose of a buffer statement 36. Implying a refusal 37. Turning down a customer’s claim (how to begin such a letter)

Ancient Art Of Parenthood Essays - Parenting, Cigarette, Adolescence

Ancient Art Of Parenthood Children walk home from school every day and never realize what lurks beyond their protected space (Miller 105). In today's world the acceptance of latch key children should not be tolerated. Unfortunately, our society condones such behavior from the adults. As a result, these children wear a chain around their neck with a house key attached, in order to enter into their home. As the youngsters leave school, they enter a silent world (Kay 94). To illustrate, children enter into an empty house which has been abandoned since breakfast that morning. Therefore, television when turned on, replaces the absence of their parents. At this time, children experience serious conditions which they may not be able to handle (Gaines 94). For example, they encounter the introduction of smoking a cigarette, drinking alcohol, and using harmful illegal drugs. Also, children are exposed to more violent crimes which usually happen in the first 60 minutes after school. Consequently, some children walk home, through undesirable areas where they may see someone being killed right in front of them. Therefore, alone and unsupervised, the youngsters make their own food while waiting for their parents to return home from work (Brazelton 44). The art of parenthood has diminished, like an extinct animal which could be reinstated into the family unit; especially when parents need to teach and nurture their offspring, detour their young ones from negative peer pressure, and, work within a financial budget. Parents bring children into the world to educate these individuals on how to care for themselves (Braverman). However, children become influenced by their friends especially when spending money is involved (Krol 16 ). Ultimately, they make decisions on the purchase of their clothing, the music they listen to, and even the movies they watch, all based on their friends' opinion. On the other hand, young people realize how their parents have many years of experience in the area of spending money. Therefore, they listen to the advice from their parents on the dealings of financial matters. However, young people have always faced heavy financial demands as they reach maturity (Blankstein 133). The difference today is the sheer diversity of the choices, few of them inexpensive. Therefore, they should become skilled and well educated in money management (J.L. 48). In addition, parents teach their young to eat the right meals, to absorb enough sleep, and to do their best in school. Also, as children reach the age of eight years old, their strict discipline and respect for elders should have already been implanted by their parents (Ogle). Eventually, these young people acquire jobs to obtain a true sense of responsibility of work ethics and the supreme independence from parents. Ultimately, the sheer existence of children blueprinted by their parents creates vibrant individuals who can master the world. For instance, young people know how to respond in case of fire or electrical emergencies. Also, they understand the techniques of first aid and how to get help fast. Again, young people earn money from part time employment which is combined with the allowance from parents. Therefore, their income per week could be drastically increased by a substantial amount (Fischer 51). Consequently, children can benefit financially by being creative with their free time (Briles 108). For instance, young people project enthusiasm toward part time employment especially when the work creates lively activity. Even though parents try to guide their off spring right, there may be an unplanned development to reroute these individuals in another direction. While on the other hand, young people should be accountable for their misbehavior. Young people strive hard at school to achieve acceptance among their friends (Warburton). To illustrate, students pride themselves on having many friends, even if they introduce harmful habits. In addition, peer pressure explodes dramatically with socializing in school and being accepted in certain groups, especially during their adolescent years (Ignatz). Furthermore, students may experiment with illegal drugs which establish popularity among their friends. Unfortunately, these young people, when exhibiting interest in these deadly drugs, isolate themselves from family members and associates. Ultimately, they feel depressed about school work and their social life takes a leaping plunge. In other words, young people regrettably surrender to the illegal substance which eventually takes control of their life. Also, alcohol flourishes rapidly among young people, particularly between the ages of ten to seventeen (Flohr, P.). For example, groups of adolescents creatively sneak alcohol to a party which has taken place after school. Secondly, the alcohol is poured into a reservoir of punch which alters the taste. Eventually, when the other children drink

Divorce Struggles essays

Divorce Struggles essays That day, at the Pizza Hut table, sitting along with my family, eating lunch, turned out to be the turning point of my life. Before this brief moment, I thought I was on top of the world; nothing could touch me and my perfect family. The world changed though with those five words, words that many kids must face, those heart grinding words, We are getting a divorce. Soon after that day, things seemed to go very downhill for me. I didnt know what was going on. There was so much change, so much chaos. Although my parents never physically fought and I never heard them raise their voices at each other, I felt trapped between the tension of the two. Any negative feelings that one parent had for the other was pushed at me, as if I was the one that should take it. I did take it though, and although it hurt me at the time, it has caused a great maturation in myself, and I can now console others because of my experience with my parents. Many years later, now the present, my father and mother are remarried to two other very loving. My father married soon after the divorce. His wife brought into the family three other children. At first, I hated these three along with my step-mother. They are great people to me now, but at the time, the situation made me dislike them very much. My mother, on the other hand waited a while to remarry. My step-father has no children, which makes this family a much different environment than my fathers house (a lot less children.) The hardest part of going through the divorce was dealing with the change of situation; especially with not knowing that there was anything wrong to Bam! Divorce! Now that I have experienced it, I would not change anything for the world. Although it will never be as great as when my parents were together, I love my new life and what it has taught me. I now feel ready to go off and live my own life and make my decisions....

IFRS Regulatory Framework for Financial Reporting Assignment

IFRS Regulatory Framework for Financial Reporting - Assignment Example Regulators, investors, shareholders, employees, managers and rest of the stakeholders view financial reporting as the most essential element for making financial decisions. Uniformity promoted through the IFRS, being implemented by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), facilitates easy comparison and setting of benchmarks on an international scale. Countries have adopted the IFRS, but many find significant holdouts on its implementation. This paper is aimed at an analysis of the advantages of IFRS adoption and implementation, by highlighting the benefits to investors and managers as well as the disadvantages and weaknesses associated with the same. The debate concludes to suggest some changes that IASB can undertake in order to meet those challenges. The IFRS model, as opposed to most other accounting standards, requires extensive application of fair valuations, while measuring the assets and liabilities. The primary aim of the IFRS is to fix the Balance Sheet and put it right, which might bring about a huge precariousness in the income statement. However, as against the more popular, GAAP system of accounting, the IFRS is a principle based accounting system and not rule based. The principle based approach in maintaining accounts allows for more flexibility and discretion in maintenance of financial statements. This permits companies to choose the best way possible to reflect their accounts. Clear and defined principles make it easier to maintain accounts, rather than following rules with no supporting principle (Diffen, n.d.). IFRS adoption also facilitates making comparisons between two firms based in different countries. If the accounting standards and practices are the same, then it becomes easier for companies to undertake mergers and acquisitions. Also, use of one common accounting language is easier for companies, which have subsidiaries abroad. Companies are also able to raise capital from abroad,

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial; supply chain management , hong kong Case Study

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial; supply chain management , hong kong style and interview with victor fung - Case Study Example As Fung said, the best way is to breakdown the supply chain into small parts and then looks for a custom solution for each part. Another genius way of innovative supply chain management is having a custom value chain for each customer. Present production chains are tailored to suit a large market niche. However, as competition increases, market niches become narrower by the day. This raises the need to specifically tailor the entire supply chain to suit a particular niche. For example, in the computer market, a different supply chain management strategy would be needed for a tablet and a laptop. Another creative way of shortening supply chains and buying cycles is by embracing dynamism in supply chain management. Factors such as labor, cost of raw materials, and technology are changing every day. Therefore, it is important to consider adjusting the supply chain depending on the changes on these factors. For instance, many manufacturers have been moving production to China because of cheap labor. However, within the same country, labor is cheaper in Mainland China and hence manufacturers are also moving mainland in response to

The Genesis of Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Genesis of Faith - Essay Example Noah is depicted as a righteous and blameless man. He loved God wholeheartedly and practiced obedience. In his life, he had stable faith only in God. Out of faith, Noah built a large boat and did so by obeying God’s warning to him about mysterious floods that were to happen. Noah rebuked the whole world, and from the faith he became righteous. Abraham and Sarah: Abraham is depicted as an obedient and faithful servant of God. God commanded him to take with him his only beloved son Isaac and offer him as a burnt sacrifice. When he was about to sacrifice him, God intervened and provided a ram for the sacrifice. Out of faith, Sarah Abraham’s wife was able to have a child despite being barren and too old to conceive. However, she doubted faith in God just like any other human being but God fulfilled His promise of giving her a child. Sarah’s faith inspires every person who easily loses hope in life.Isaac is known as the miracle child of Abraham and Sarah and a man of faith. Faith reigned in Isaac’s entire life and he practiced it in his marriage with Rebekah. By faith, he promised his sons Jacob and Esau future blessings.Jacob was liar and manipulator but he knew God and he was renamed Israel. Out of faith, despite being old he blessed each of Joseph’s sons and worshiped while leaning on his staff. Leaning is of significance in this context because Jacob had spent his entire life limping after wrestling with God and being broken. He then gave his life to God who took control over it.

The After Effects Of World War One History Essay

The After Effects Of World War One History Essay World War I has been an event of the great significance for its times. According to its dimensions and after effects it did not have the equalities within the previous history of the humanity. The First World War lasted 4 years 3 months and 10 days (from August 1, 1914 till November 11, 1918), 38 countries were involved within the war processes, at that times nearly 1,5 milliard, approximately two thirds of all the Earths population, people dwelled within these countries  [1]  . The multimillion armies took parts within the battlefield processes, which used the newest technologies of the military powers. It is a well known fact that a number of so called inhumane weapons (it is contemporary relation to such military forces and techniques) was tested during the World War I and used for the later military conflicts. General number of the soldiers participating within the WWI reached 73,5 million people and the war brought very significant damage to the civilians dwelling on the ter ritories the war occupied. 10 million people were killed during the conflict (historian, investigating the subject came to the conclusion that so many number of people were killed during the military conflicts in a period of a thousand years, which were held within the European continent) and 20 million of injured these are the results of these conflicts. According to the data provided within the investigations on the subject the direct expenses of participating in the conflict countries were nearly 208 milliards of dollars, which is 10 times larger than the cost of the wars lasting since 1793 to 1907  [2]  .The war provided a significant impact on the whole development of the historical processes: it caused the sharpening of the class fight, activation of the nationalist movements; the war was one of the main reasons that increased rising of objective pre-conditions of the socialist revolution in the Russian empire. Some left-oriented historians considered that the World War I and the Revolution of 1917 in Russia caused the total crisis of capitalism and it was one of the most significant after effects that impacted the history development within the countries involved in the conflict. The history of the WWI attracted attention of the numerous investigators, from different countries in the whole world. The writers were intended to analyze the reasons from different aspects, economical sociological military and examined it after effects. They analyzed cardinal questions dealing with the roots, processes and lessons of the war lasting during the 1914 1918, its impact on the further economical development, socio-political life of the conflicting countries, the role of the every participant and the character of the military operations and military tactic arts. The investigation of the First World War is still acute within the contemporary realities as it strongly deals to the one of the most significant, even burning questions the problem of the peace and t he war. The generation of people living in age of nuclear missiles turn to the past for the better understanding the present day events. We and our contemporaries are eager to learn what the reasons were and what newest military missiles were used during the war in order to understand present days events. Creating of the military political groups in Europe and armament race sharpened the difficult relation between the imperialistic countries more and more. They provided tensions within the international relations and rather calm world history changed on the more conflict, catastrophic and irregular policy of relations between the countries. It goes without saying that the sharpening of the imperialist confrontations started earlier than the war. It was already observed during the Morocco Crisis in 1905 1906 and 1911; Bosnia crisis of the 1908 1909; Italy Turkish was lasting during the 1911 1912, Balkan wars of 1912 -1913. The most significant confrontation of that period was sending the military mission to Turkey by German government, it was headed by general von Sanders and aimed on reorganization and tutoring of the Turkish army (the events happened in December 1913). Preparing for the war the governing rows of imperialistic government created powerful military industry, the basis of which were the most big and significant governmental plants ordnance factories, gunpowder factories, ammunition factories, cartridge-manufacturing plants, shipbuilding yards and many others. The private enterprises were involved to the process of military goods and production in Germany there were Krupp factories and plant, in Austria Hungary Schneider Krezo and St. Chaumont, in Great Britain Wickers and Armstrong Whitworth, in Russia Putilovs factory and many other private manufacturers. The imperialists of both confronting coalitions were faithfully supporting the military industry, they energetically fixed their defense powers and it is essential that all the contemporary investigations and discoveries of science and techniques were aimed on the providing and supporting military industry and helped to developed radically new tactics of military conflicts. The newer, more perfect armor appeared: rapid rate rifles and machine guns, which provided increasing of the firing powers of the infantry forces; within the artillery arms there was observed significant growth of the quantity in rifled-barrel guns of the newest systems. It goes without saying that the development of railroads had also been a part of the strategic plan. Their role was strategically very significant as they helped to fasten the centralization and deploying for action of the large military masses by the human inputs and any other type of material and technical supports of the army. The role of autom obile transport also started to increase. The military air forces appeared it was really the first military conflict where aviation was used as a military force for bombing, it was innovation that changed the whole idea of the contemporary military confrontation. The usage of the newest means of communication such as telephone, telegraph and radio helped the leaders of the military troops to provide all the necessary arrangements within the army they were leading. The number of soldiers was increasing significantly and well-taught arrearage forces had also appeared during this period of the military development. It goes without saying that imperialist nature of the majority states involved in the WWI was playing probably one of the most significant roles in the military development of the countries. In the field of naval military forces there was severe confrontation between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Germany. Both countries provided huge expenses for supporting their military naval forces. From the 1905 the new type of military ships was involved the dreadnought type of ships. Up to the 1914 the German naval forces firmly occupied the second place in the highly developed naval forces after the United Kingdom. It goes without saying that the other countries were also intended to develop their naval forces, but financial and economical facilities did not let them to provide the set shipbuilding programs. The increased armament drive was overwhelming and as a result it needed significant financial inputs as it usually happened the labor class was supporting all these expenses. The wide spread was provided to the ideological support and preparation to the First World War. The Imperialist leaders tried to persuade the nations about inability to avoid serious military confrontation between the states, the militarism became a part of the propaganda and was forced into the applications, chauvinism has also became a significant force for militarism propaganda the leaders of empires used to reach the set aims. It goes without saying that all means of propaganda were used: public means, literature, arts, church are among the most influential and significant for that period. Bourgeoisie of all the states, playing with the patriotic feelings of the different nations, found the real justification for armament race, providing a perfect mask for the expansionist policies by the massaging the theme of the necessity to defend their motherland from the external enemies (i. e. the other countries taking the leading positions on the armament drive). It goes without saying that the governmental forces at those times, supported by the biggest manufacturers of their countries were intended to solve certain problems with the help of the War. It goes without saying that German government (supported by Krupp manufacturing powers) were intended to enlarge the territory of the state as Germany being separated for quite long period of time did not participated on the military arena and did not take part in the carving up the colonies and territories. German Kaiser Wilhelm II was very ambitious person and supported by the key industrialists he promoted his expanding policy. The internal policy of the Germany at the time of so called The Long Fuse by historians was also aimed on concentration the powers within the Kaisers hands. He was the one who set his ideas as seeking for the place in the sun for the German nation. Kaiser was the one who found explanation of his policy within the national interest. He built strong military machine due to the Tirpitz plan and was without any doubts successfully confronting British fleet. Being one of the most significant figure in the war Wilhelm II was not the one who forced the events, he just did not prevented the activity of Austria Hungary. The same time he did not paid enough attention to control the socialist movements in Germany, which also played a significant role and provided an impact on the World War I and made Kaiser to refuse from his title and leave the country. According to Versailles Peace Act Wilhelm II was called the main war criminal, who was supporting the conflict. It would be necessary to say that all the leaders of some imperialist countries (the core participant in WWI) were relatives Kaiser, Russian king, Nicholas II and British King George V. It goes without saying that confrontation between the Germany and Britain made both George V and Kaiser seek for the suitable their region politics. George V refused all the German titles when the war broke up. Alongside with the imperialist leaders there should be mentioned alternative forces. The real force that could prevent the expansion policy of the imperialist government was so called international labor class, which consisted of nearly 150 million people. The labor movement in the worldly measures was headed by the International, which united 41 socio-democratic parties from 27 world countries consisting of 3,4 million members. But the opportunist leaders of the socio-democratic parties from Europe could do nothing for providing in life the anti-military decision of the 2nd International congresses, which took place accurately before the WWI started. As it usually happened the strong political forces supported the governmental policies of their imperialist leaders and voted in the parliaments for supporting the military credits. The Socialist leaders of France, Great Britain and Belgium even took part participating within the bourgeoisie military governments. 2nd International ideol ogy was ruined and it stopped its existence. It should be noted that the left oriented parties of Russia and Germany were the ones that kept on the anti-militarist policy and did not supported the war. The Russian scenario is well known all over the world. At first the leftists did not supported the military strategy provided by the king, strongly criticizing the intension of the Russian leaders to participate in the WWI and finally it ended by the Revolution of 1917, refuse for further participation in the WWI and Civil war in Russia. The Leftists were supporting the idea that the war is imperialist and do not have any brighter perspectives for the working class all over the world. They were supported by the German social-democrats and some French socialist leaders. The revolutionary ideas provided also very significant impact on the WWI and further development of European history. The German November Revolution was the one that played significant role for the whole war processes and the people cant stand oppressive military policy anymore. It would be hardly to define was it good or was it not but it is the historical lesson. Kaiser, even supported by manufacturers could do nothi ng with the growing indignation from the masses. The German scenario did not cost so many ruins for the country as the Russian one, but it was a total loss of the campaign. The united European power oppressed Kaiser and he could not keep on anymore. It goes without saying that all the united factors started the war and the united factors ended it. The most powerful world states were involved in the conflicts and it was looking like the demonstration of scientific and technical achievements of the confronting sides  [3]  , expanding policies of the country that did not took part in the main division of the colonies and the participation of the private companies in the supporting the war processes. In the end I would like to return to the very beginning. The represented statistical data, the death rates, the appearing of inhuman weapons that is still become a very contradictory question. The whole WWI was the shift moment in the world and especially European history. It showed who actually who is, the demonstration of power and forces showed the equipment and the results of armament rate. The revolution and socialist leaders and ambivalent figure of Lenin in Russian Revolution of 1917 all these were powers involved in the WWI, the results of which are really significant if we look back to observe them. The start of the new division and the expansion policies could be hardly accepted by contemporary society but the case of Kaiser Wilhelm II and other military leaders, who were intended to demonstrate the powers, the united powers that stressed Europe are really good lessons from the history. The after effects were different for the many countries. But we know that in the end the re was significant crisis in Europe and US and other countries involved in WWI. Understanding the core ideas and lessons of the First World War is really important for contemporary world. The First World War gave a strong push to the development of missiles of massive attacks and the first weapons of mass destruction were tried. Personally I think that in the present day world such type of conflicts is impossible as the results were undertaken. Historians still argue of the roots of WWI conflict that stressed all the European powers and make them either unite or confront and the common reason is one. During the 10 years Europe was living under the tension and stress, the small attempts of the territory fights were not enough for the countries growing their weapons and making significant inputs into the military and defense industry (it should be noted that manufacturers also supported the idea of the military conflict and took an active part in supporting the governmental forces). T hey need to demonstrate the power and start the re-division, more significant than Morocco crisis and the result was WWI engaging the strongest European forces.

Cold Mountain : The Civil War Essay -- essays research papers

Cold Mountain: The Civil War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War was a four year armed conflict between northern and southern sections of the United States. The Civil War cost more American lives than any other war in history. There were bout 3 million people who fought in the beginning of the Civil War and about 600,000 people’s lives were lost at the end of the war. What began for many as a romantic adventure soon became a heartbreaking bitter struggle between the two parts of a divided country. This, however, was more than the industrial North fighting against the agricultural South. There were divided families with brother fighting brother. Some Northerners joined the Southern ranks and some Southerners were in the Union army, each fighting for what he thought was right.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most obvious causes of the Civil War were the issues of states’ rights and slavery.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hundreds of books, movies, and documentaries have been published on the Civil War. One of them was writ ten by Charles Frazier called Cold Mountain. The novel focuses on the life during the Civil War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cold Mountain captures some of the spirit and reality of the Civil War. Many people contributed their time, effort and lives in the Civil War. The main character, Inman, walks away from a hospital for Confederate wounded at the start of the book and is constantly on the move, meeting odd and dangerous characters, even a Circe. Beginning with Inman’s decision to leave the hospital where he has been recovering from a near fatal neck wound which turns him into a deserter, or an â€Å"outlier†. As a fugitive, Inman must take back roads and obscure footpaths, always hiding from the murderous Home Guards. Inman is sickened by the wanton waste of young lives on the battle field and torn between the traditional conflict of valor and cowardice. In the field hospital, the injured Confederate private witnesses the brutality of both sides in the most bloody of American armed struggles, the War Between the States. Emotionally shaken, Inman realizes that he will r eturn to the front and possible death as soon as he is well. He watches men on both sides ordered to charge into lethal barrages of gunfire and cannon shot, only to fall after a few precious steps. On more than one occasion, he is forced to kill. Inman is haunted by ni... ...m. Everything that she wanted, he gave her. He was a trader who lost his money because of the war, (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ at arm’s length the war, the embargo, the various other expressions of hard times, and their effect on Ada’s income†¦(61),† which left Ada nothing when he died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goat woman is an old lady that takes care of goats, and had been far away from the human world. She meets Inman while she is doing something to a bird trap. The goat woman takes care of Inman for a few days and helped heal his neck wound from the battle and from the wandering Home Guard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Frazier had a very different way of narrating a story about the Civil War. Usually when people think of the word war, they think of it as people killing people or something more brutal. But instead, Charles Frazier focused his novel on how the war affected the lives of the people during the war. It was a very realistic novel because his characters were not all heroes, they were ordinary people with struggles and problems that they have to deal with and adapt to. Frazier did an excellent job by recapturing the war and how it affected those people who lived in Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain : The Civil War Essay -- essays research papers Cold Mountain: The Civil War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War was a four year armed conflict between northern and southern sections of the United States. The Civil War cost more American lives than any other war in history. There were bout 3 million people who fought in the beginning of the Civil War and about 600,000 people’s lives were lost at the end of the war. What began for many as a romantic adventure soon became a heartbreaking bitter struggle between the two parts of a divided country. This, however, was more than the industrial North fighting against the agricultural South. There were divided families with brother fighting brother. Some Northerners joined the Southern ranks and some Southerners were in the Union army, each fighting for what he thought was right.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most obvious causes of the Civil War were the issues of states’ rights and slavery.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hundreds of books, movies, and documentaries have been published on the Civil War. One of them was writ ten by Charles Frazier called Cold Mountain. The novel focuses on the life during the Civil War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cold Mountain captures some of the spirit and reality of the Civil War. Many people contributed their time, effort and lives in the Civil War. The main character, Inman, walks away from a hospital for Confederate wounded at the start of the book and is constantly on the move, meeting odd and dangerous characters, even a Circe. Beginning with Inman’s decision to leave the hospital where he has been recovering from a near fatal neck wound which turns him into a deserter, or an â€Å"outlier†. As a fugitive, Inman must take back roads and obscure footpaths, always hiding from the murderous Home Guards. Inman is sickened by the wanton waste of young lives on the battle field and torn between the traditional conflict of valor and cowardice. In the field hospital, the injured Confederate private witnesses the brutality of both sides in the most bloody of American armed struggles, the War Between the States. Emotionally shaken, Inman realizes that he will r eturn to the front and possible death as soon as he is well. He watches men on both sides ordered to charge into lethal barrages of gunfire and cannon shot, only to fall after a few precious steps. On more than one occasion, he is forced to kill. Inman is haunted by ni... ...m. Everything that she wanted, he gave her. He was a trader who lost his money because of the war, (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ at arm’s length the war, the embargo, the various other expressions of hard times, and their effect on Ada’s income†¦(61),† which left Ada nothing when he died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goat woman is an old lady that takes care of goats, and had been far away from the human world. She meets Inman while she is doing something to a bird trap. The goat woman takes care of Inman for a few days and helped heal his neck wound from the battle and from the wandering Home Guard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Frazier had a very different way of narrating a story about the Civil War. Usually when people think of the word war, they think of it as people killing people or something more brutal. But instead, Charles Frazier focused his novel on how the war affected the lives of the people during the war. It was a very realistic novel because his characters were not all heroes, they were ordinary people with struggles and problems that they have to deal with and adapt to. Frazier did an excellent job by recapturing the war and how it affected those people who lived in Cold Mountain.

Attendance Monitoring System Essay

The main aim of this paper is to develop an accurate, fast and very efficient automatic attendance system using fingerprint verification technique. We propose a system in which fingerprint verification is done by using extraction of minutiae technique and the system that automates the whole process of taking attendance, The study was conducted using a quantitative approach by designing a questionnaire as the data collection instrument based on fingerprint matching biometric technologies. The survey involved 6 employees based on stratified random sampling technique. The results however show that fingerprint biometric identifier was found suitable for the employee attendance management system of the organization. Keywords: Biometrics, fingerprint ,employee attendance, identifier, etc . 1. Introduction In many institutions and organization the attendance is very important factor for various purposes and its one of the important criteria that is to follow for students and organization employees. The previous approach in which manually taking and maintains the attendance records was very inconvenient task. After having these issues in mind we develop an automatic attendance system which automates the whole process of taking attendance and maintaining it. We already know about some commonly used biometric techniques are used for objective identification ,verification are like iris recognition, voice identification, fingerprint identification, DNA recognition ,etc .Biometrics techniques are widely used in various areas like building security,etc. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges on all parts of the  finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar (palm) or digits (fingers and toes) or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These are sometimes known as â€Å"epidermal ridges† which caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges on all parts of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar (palm) or digits (fingers and toes) or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridg e skin. These are sometimes known as â€Å"epidermal ridges† which caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis The term fingerprint is refers impressions transferred from the pad last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers (which are also used to make identifications)[6]. It is believed that no two people have identical fingerprint in world, so the fingerprint verification and identification is most popular way to verify the authenticity or identity of a person wherever the security is a problematic question. The reason for popularity of fingerprint technique is uniqueness of person arises from his behavior ; personal characteristics are like, for instance uniqueness, which indicates that each and every fingerprint is unique, different from one other. Universality ,that means every person hold the individual characteristics of fingerprint. The three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch, loop, and whorl ï‚ · An arch is a pattern where the ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the center forming an arc, and then exit the other side of the finger[13]. ï‚ · The loop is a pattern where the ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve, and tend to exit from the same side they enter. ï‚ · In the whorl pattern, ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger. Scientists have found that family members often share the same general fingerprint patterns, leading to the belief that these patterns are inherited  © 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page | 379 Rao et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3(4), April – 2013, pp. 379-383 2. Attendance Monitoring Model Automatic attendance system using fingerprint verification technique. A fingerprint is captured by user interface, which are likely to be an optical solid state or an ultrasound sensor. Generally, there are two approaches are used for fingerprint verification system among them first one is Minutiae based technique, in which minutiae is represented by ending or termination and bifurcations. Other one is Image based method or matching pattern. Minutiae-based matching: This is the most popular and widely used technique, being the basis of the fingerprint comparison made by fingerprint examiners. Minutiae are extracted from the two fingerprints and stored as sets of points in the two- dimensional plane. Minutiae-based matching essentially consists of finding the alignment between the template and the input minutiae sets that results in the maximum number of minutiae pairings[1] Pattern or Image based matching: Pattern based matching use algorithms to compare the basic fingerprint patterns like arch, whorl or loop between a previously stored template and candidate fingerprint.For this purpose image is required to be alinment in same orientation. In matching process algorithms finds a central point on the fingerprint image and centre on the image. In pattern based algorithm, the template contains the type, size and orientation of pattern within the aligned fingerprint image. The candidate fingerprint image is graphically compared with the template to determine the degree to which the match. 3.Implementation Of Process This process complete in three phase and also phase description is mention below:Phase 1. Fingerprint scanning and registration Fingerprint scans convert people’s fingerprints into digital codes or numerical data that can be recorded in a database. Like facial recognition software, fingerprint scanning matches an individual’s code against an existing database of codes in order to confirm that individual’s identity. Proponents of fingerprint scanning point to the conversion of fingerprints into digital data as a privacy protection measureFingerprint scanning is already in use as an identification system that replaces cards or keys: to log onto computers. Before scanning the fingerprint everyone has to fill the registration form.These form have the some of the basic details of the individual such as  name,father’ s name,mother’s name,date of birth and so on. Fingerprint scanning Registration form  © 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page | 380 Rao et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3(4), April – 2013, pp. 379-383 PHASE-2:- Fingerprint recognition or authentication Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and verify their identity. This article touches on two major classes of algorithms (minutia and pattern) and four sensor designs (optical, ultrasonic, passive capacitance, and active capacitance). The analysis of fingerprints for matching purposes generally requires the comparison of several features of the print pattern. These include patterns, which are aggregate characteristics of ridges, and minutia points, which are unique features found within the patterns.[1] It is also necessary to know the structure and properties of human skin in order to successfully employ some of the imaging technologies.[10]. Minutiae-based fingerprint matching algorithm has been proposed to solve two problems: correspondence and similarity computation. For the correspondence problem, use an alignment-based greedy matching algorithm to establish the correspondences between minutiae. Fingerprint recognition systems have the advantages of both ease of use and low cost.  © 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page | 381 Rao et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3(4), April – 2013, pp. 379-383 Phase-3:-Attendance update:Employee Attendance Management software is tightly integrated with  the organization’s HR data. The in-time and out-time, lunch and breaks entered by the employees will help the respective authority in charge to keep in track the activities of the employees. ï‚ · Employee Attendance Management System helps in keeping track of the attendance of employees based on various events like shift, late, overtime, permission, holiday working and on duty.[5] Single click view of all time office events like hours worked, late, permission, on duty, overtime, leave of an employee for date or month period can also be obtained from this Attendance Management system. ï‚ · Employee Attendance Management Software helps to monitor the productivity of the employees and also keep a check on the Employee absenteeism which in turn helps in achieving the organization goals. 4. Result The report will be generated with name of the employee matched fingerprint and stored in an attendance system. Attendance log of the month is shown in below table: This software not only prepare the monthly report but also shows the attendance of the individual day. It not only display the name of the present employees but it also display the employee which is absent or late on that particular day.This software also display the name of employees which is in preplan live.The individual attendance reports is shown below:  © 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page | 382 Rao et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3(4), April – 2013, pp. 379-383 5.Conclusion And Future Work The proposed system will make way for perfect management of students and staff attendance and produce more accuracy. Future work on this project would include the creating of a matching algorithm that uses to mention and maintain the different type of leave such as on duty leave,leave without pay ,medical leave and soon.Also timely update the leave of the each employees when it take leave. The efficient matching algorithm have to be developed in theory and in code so that our goal of getting faster and more accurate matched image than with pre-existing software. References [1] Jianjiang Feng, â€Å"Combining minutiae descriptors for fingerprint matching†, Pattern Recognition, pp. 342 – 352, April 2007. [2] Peng Shi, Jie Tian, Qi Su, and Xin Yang, â€Å"A Novel Fingerprint Matching Algorithm Based on Minutiae and Global Statistical Features†, IEEE Conference, 2007. [3] Neeta Nain, Deepak B M, Dinesh Kumar, Manisha Baswal, and Biju Gautham â€Å"Optimized Minutiae–Based Fingerprint Matching†, Proceedings, 2008. [4] BioLink 2006. Time and attendance, Retrieved 11thDecember,2011fromhttp://www.m3biometrics.co.uk/Portals/2/downloads/BioTime_Time_and_Attendance.pdf. [5] InfoTronics, Inc. 2008. Biometrics: Advantages for employee attendance verification, Michigan: Farmington Hills. Retrieved 11th November, 2011 from www.mwtime.com/biometrics.pdf. [6] Jain, A., Hong, L., Pankanti, S., Bolle, R., 1997. An Identity Authentication System Using Fingerprints. Retrieved 10th June, 2012 from http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/Publications/Fingerprint/JainEtAlIdentityAuthUsingFp_ProcIEEE97.pdf. [7] K. Asai, Y. Hoshino and K. Kiji, â€Å"Automated fingerprint Identification by minutiae-network feature- feature extraction process,† IEICE transactions, Vol.J72-D-II, N0.5, pp 724-732, 1989. [8] Chaur-Chin Chen and Yaw-Yi Wang, â€Å"An AFIS Using Fingerprint Classification,† Image and Vision Computing, 2003. [9] Virginia Espinosa-Dur6, â€Å"Fingerprints Thinning Algorithm,† IEEE AES Systems Magazine, 2003. [10] U. Halici, L. C. Jain, A. Erol, â€Å"Introduction to Fingerprint Recognition,†Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face Recognition,L.C. Jain, U. Halici, I.Hayashi, S.B. Lee, S. Tsutsui (editors), CRCPress, 1999. [11] Manvjeet Kaur, Mukhwinder Singh, Akshay Girdhar, and Parvinder S.Sandhu, â€Å"Fingerprint Verification System using Minutiae Extraction Technique,† World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 46 2008. [12] Anil K. Jain, Arun Ross and Salil Prabhakar, â€Å"An introduction to biometric recognition,† Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,IEEE Transactions on Volume 14, Issue 1, Jan. 2004 Page(s):4 – 20. [13] L. O’Gorman, â€Å"Overview of fingerprint verification technologies,†Elsevier Information Security Technical Report, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1998. [14]. Eric P. Kukula, Christine R. Blomeke, Shimon K. Modi, and Tephen J. Elliott, â€Å"Effect of Human Interaction on Fingerprint Matching Performance, Image Quality, and Minutiae Count†,

Who Popularized the term Talented Tenth

Who Popularized the term 'Talented Tenth'   How was the term Talented Tenth popularized?   Despite social inequalities and Jim Crow Era laws that became a way of life for African-Americans in the South after the Reconstruction period, a small group of African-Americans were forging ahead by establishing businesses and becoming educated. A debate began amongst African-American intellectuals concerning the best way for African-American communities to survive racism and social injustice in the United States. In 1903, sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist W.E.B. Du Bois responded through his essay The Talented Tenth. In the essay, Du Bois argued: The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst.† With the publication of this essay, the term â€Å"Talented Tenth† became popularized. It was not Du Bois who first developed the term. The concept of the Talented Tenth was developed by the American Baptist Home Mission Society in 1896.   The American Baptist Home Mission Society was an organization comprised of Northern white philanthropists such as John D. Rockefeller. The purpose of the group was to help establish African-American colleges in the South to train educators and other professionals. Booker T. Washington also referred to the term â€Å"Talented Tenth† in 1903. Washington edited The Negro Problem, a collection of essays written by other African-American leaders in support of Washington’s position. Washington wrote: The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Yet Du Bois defined the term, â€Å"Talented Tenth† to argue that one out of 10 African-American men could become leaders in the United States and the world if they pursued education, published books and advocated for social change in society. Du Bois believed that African-Americans really needed to pursue a traditional education versus the industrial education that Washington consistently promoted. Du Bois argued in his essay: â€Å"Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools - intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it - this is the curriculum of that Higher Education which must underlie true life. On this foundation we may build bread winning, skill of hand and quickness of brain, with never a fear lest the child and man mistake the means of living for the object of life.† Who were examples of the Talented Tenth? Perhaps two of the greatest examples of the Talented Tenth were Du Bois and Washington. However, there were other examples: The National Business League, established by Washington brought together African-American businessowners across the United States. The American Negro Academy, the first organization in the United States with the purpose of promoting African-American scholarship. Founded in 1897, the use of The American Negro Academy to promote the academic achievements of African-Americans in areas such as higher education, arts, and science.The National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Established in 1986 by educated African-American women, the purpose of the NACW was to fight sexism, racism, and social injustice.The Niagara Movement. Developed by Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter in 1905, the Niagara Movement led the way for the NAACP to be established.

Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation The WritePass Journal

Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation Conclusion Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation, lower levels of education and increase contact with the criminal justice system than their white counterparts still being highlighted (Bogg, 2010, pg66) It is also clear that these inequalities are inherent within the provision of mental health care services, with the Mental Health Act Commission (MHAC) reports   continuing to highlight the higher rates of detention for BME groups under section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA 1983) (Bogg, 2010). Racism has been argued to be a fundamental cause of inequalities in mental health care and racism within psychiatry derives from the traditions of the discipline, its history, ways of assessing and diagnosing, organisation and its involvement with the powers of state (Fernando, 2010, pg105). There are demonstrable differences in access to preventative care for majority and minority ethnic groups. This is partly because the structure of health services is often cast in the dominant culture’s mould (Bhui, 2002, pg 90). Racism in the provision of psychiatric services derives from the manner in which institutions are constructed and fashioned and the failure by most organisations to confront the inherent and historically determined racism (Fernando, 2010, pg105). Psychiatry, the doctrine concerned with disorders of the mind, is a western tradition developed in western cultures in conjunction with ideas surrounding race and power. The idea that BME groups had inferior brains or defective personalities was a common notion in the 19th century and these ideas were taken on board very easily and naturally by psychiatry and western psychology (Fernando, 2010, pg62). Historical perspectives illustrate the political and social motives which created the definitions of, and policies on mental health issues. The creation of mental health to support the social structure of the time can be best demonstrated by the case of draptomania, an ‘illness’ particular to slaves and whose classic symptom was the ‘irresistible urge to run away from the plantation (Ndegwa et al, 2003, pg90). This demonstrates the element of control issued through the ideas around mental health and the notion of inferior BME groups. Racism is still thought to expressed and felt today in the provision of mental health care and other public services. Research into the structures and organisations of mental health services identified systems of inequalities based on race and is known as institutional racism. In the investigation of Stephen Lawrences death institutional racism was defined as ‘the collective failure of an organisation to provide appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviours which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people (Macpherson, 1999). The report found institutional racism in many aspects of the Stephan Lawrence case, including the conduct of the investigation, the treatment of the family, the failure to recognize the murder as racially motivated and the lack of urgency and commitment in the investigation (Singh, 2007, pg363). Since the publication of the Macpherson report institutional racism has been declared to be a problem in the UK National Health Service (NHS). A significant development into the NHS, especially its mental health services being branded as institutionally racist is the inquiry into the death of David ‘Rocky’ Bennett. An inquiry team was set up to examine the care and treatment that Rocky Bennett received before he died after being restrained by up to five nurses (Athwal, 2004).   The inquiry report described the inequalities in mental health services faced by black and minority patients as ‘a festering abscess which is at present a blot upon the good name of the NHS (Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority, (2003) and attributed these inequalities to institutional racism. It can, however, be problematic to use institutional racism to explain the circumstances of Bennett’s death. The failure to train staff in methods of safe restraint and prompt resuscitation cannot be seen as institutionally racist in itself unless some racist intention or process can be identified in this failure, since all patients could suffer as a consequence. However, if fears of black male patients’ inherent violence led to their being restrained more frequently and forcefully, then a racist effect could ensue. But in this case it is the assumption about black violence, rather than the failure in training that constitutes the racism in question. Furthermore assumptions about black violence are held by individuals rather than constituting a feature of the organisation (Bradby, 2010). In 2005, in response to increase awareness of racial discrimination in the psychiatric system, the Department of Health introduced its BME mental health programme through the National Institute for Mental Health in England (Coppock et al, 2010, pg114). The programme aims to improve the mental health care of all people of BME status including those of Irish or Mediterranean origin and east European migrants (DoH, 2005).   However, while this publication accepted most of the recommendation made by the inquiry into the death of Rocky Bennett’s death, it refuted the existence of institutional racism in mental health services. In doing so, it ignores the finding of the Macpherson Report. Such an approach fails to contextualize the various forms of direct and institutional racism in the wider society (Coppock et al, 2010, pg114). ‘Count Me In’ (2007) was a one day census of the NHS hospitals, private mental health hospitals, and learning disability units which contributed to the increasing evidence of ethnic differences in the treatment of mental illness (McKenzie et al, 2007). The survey of 32,023 inpatients on mental health wards in 238 NHS hospitals reported that 2 per cent of patients were from BME groups although they only represent 7 per cent of the population in the UK (MHAC, 2007). It is too simplistic and problematic to blame institutional racism for such a situation and whilst it is the case that Afro-Caribbean’s are over represented, other groups such as the Indian and Chinese communities are underrepresented. Such discrepancies indicate that there may be more to this than the issue of race and ethnicity (McLaughlin, 2007). Nevertheless, it has been argued that a lack of understanding of cultural diversity in the experience and expression of distress leads to the reinforcement of cultural stereotypes which can result in misdiagnosis and negligent care (Coppock et al, 2010, pg113). The Ritchie inquiry into the care and treatment of Christopher Clunis is another high profile inquiry that found the collective failures in psychiatry to an individual from a BME group (Singh, 2007).   Many shortcomings were recorded about the institutional racism that was identified, for example, Clunis’ first visit showed that the ‘opportunity for early diagnosis and possibly effective treatment was lost’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg14) to a desire by social workers ‘not to stigmatise a patient, or label him in any way as a violent or difficult person which was felt might work to his disadvantage’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg19). The enquiry made it clear that there was a tendency among staff repeatedly to ‘postpone decision or actions when difficultly was encountered or perhaps because the patient was threatening and intimidating, and possibly because he was big and black’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg107). This report, it has been argued, reveals institutional racism in practice and demonstrates the risks that many from BME groups face within psychiatry of not being given the correct diagnosis and not being treated assertively enough, simply because of their ethnicity (Singh, 2007). Accusations of institutional racism would appear to be well founded and disparities reflect the way health services offer specific treatments of care pathways according to racial group, and therefore seem to satisfy the well established and widely known definition (McKenzie et al, 2007). However, a closer look at the issue shows the reality to be more complex than it is often reported, and also highlights the danger of pathologising whole communities under the guise of therapeutic aid (McLaughlin, 2007).   The issues argued by Mckenzie and Bhui (2007) that presupposes that treatments are in reality offered on the basis of racial group disallows the possibility that ethnic differences might exist because of other societal factors, which may not be within the control of health services (Singh, 2007). More over it does not consider the possibility that care pathways are not always offered by health services but are sometimes chosen, and sometimes imposed upon patients by legal process es, outside the control of healthcare services (Singh, 2007). However, Mckenzie and Bhui argue that acknowledging the existence of institutional racism can lead to tackling the causes of these racial disparities. Delivering race equality may training may have some impact on disparities in involuntary admissions but because such admissions reflect the combined actions of the criminal justice system, social services and education, a strategy based in mental health services alone is unlikely to be sufficient (McKenzie et al, 2007). Institutional racism and oppressive practices have resulted in increased funding of research into the amount of mental illness amongst ethnic minorities. In the UK, the voluntary sector has emerged as a provider in response to the inflexibility of statutory services and has been charged with the responsibility to develop better services, while the statutory sector remains not only unattractive but aversive to BME service users (Bhui, 2002, pg139).   The strength of specialised services lies in the mandate from service users and the commitment of the voluntary sector and the practitioner’s interest in culturally competent mental health care provision (Bhui, 2003). In contrast, some argue that, whenever BME groups are the focus of discussion, it immediately focuses on the idea of the ‘separate’, ‘different’ and ‘them’ being not part of ‘us’ and therefore requiring ‘special’ attention, outside of the provision of mainstream services (Bhui, 2003). Rather than promoting the needs of BME service users, there is a danger that specialist services can marginalise people from minority ethnic communities even further (Lester et al, 2010, pg193). However, specialist services already exist and are now being adopted in statutory services engage those most disenfranchised by existing models of care. Existing services as a whole do not offer a system of care in which BME groups can expect to receive the least coercive treatment (Bhui, 2003). On the other hand, some commentators argue that the solution for the current problems in the provision of mental health care, must involve the mainstream of psychiatric practice rather than marginal initiatives that emphasise further segregation of minority needs (Bhui, 2003). Conclusion For many commentators, the way forward may actually require a dual approach; working inside mental health services to make them more appropriate for people from minority ethnic communities, while at the same time working outside public sector mental health services to build capacity within black and minority communities and the voluntary sector for dealing with mental ill health (Lester et al, 2010, pg193). To ensure that culturally sensitive services become a mainstream feature of mental health services rather than an optional extra, the majority of commentators emphasise the central importance of training (Lester et al, 2010, pg194). However, by focusing inappropriately on culture and ethnicity at the expense of sound clinical judgments, we risk offering poorer rather than better care to patients from minority ethnic groups (Singh, 2007).

Case analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case analysis - Coursework Example To begin with, it is crucial to examine the threat of emergence into the MP3 industry. The threat of entry expresses a medium possibility since the cost of production is moderate. For instance, the cost of packaging, of iRiver, is ?69 and the entity can sell the same at ?163. This suggests that it may stimulate new rivals into entering the market because the cost of producing mp3 products is meager. In addition, there is a considerable product margin that attracts new competitors. IFPI issued reports of a speculated increase in demand of music in mobile phones and the internet. This may swap physical formats of storing musical information such as CD’s and DVD in the succeeding years. In turn, many companies would wish to enter the market and pose market share threat to existing companies. For instance, the Microsoft Company has launched an MP3 product that is known as Zune. Such a product may be a competitive rival with the Apple Company products such as iPod. However, such an entry might be constrained with the difficulty of gaining market share. The Apple Company is reigning as the market leader because they face economies of scale that prohibits new entrants from the market. Sales of iPods make a figure of over 10 million and a considerable margin cost. It is crucial to highlight that there are only seven dominant companies in the MP3 industry. This is in spite of the idea that there are over 100 companies that participate in the production and sale of MP3 products. This is a manifestation of economies of scale that bar competitors from accessing the market. Additionally, the concept of differentiated products makes existing companies indispensable. For instance, the Apples’ iPod Nano has superb features such as the ability for easy downloads of songs. It becomes difficult for new entrants to have products that can overcome the customer belief in the existing companies. The second component of the five porter model pertains to buyer’s ba rgaining power. There are several quality products that place the customer in a tricky choice scenario for the most appealing model. In addition, these models follow price setters such as Apple in delivering pricey products. For instance, Apples’ products go at steep prices of $ 299. This makes the consumer to lose their bargaining power because several customers would be willing to purchase the music players without consideration of their prices. In this perspective, the customers possess a low bargaining power. Another feature that presents, in the MP3 player industry, pertains to consideration of brands over price. This suggests product differentiation that sets high prices for its products. Companies such as Apple set steep prices and establish high switching costs to other brands. This further cuts down on the customer bargaining power as a considerable number would be willing to purchase due to the high utility that the products present. In the end, customers purchase p roducts because of their superb features and attractive appearance. Additionally, there is the threat of substitute products. The digital products have distinct features that place them at a platform whereby they cannot easily be replaced by other products. This creates a medium threat of substitute from other products. Besides, the digital music products possess notable advantages for customers. For instance, the iPods possess a high quality stereo sound that gives them an edge

Medea's Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medea's Choices - Essay Example However, in the foreign land of the Corinthians, Jason fails to rise to her expectation and banishes her on behalf of Glauce, the daughter of the ruler of Corinth, Creon. This betrayal by Jason completely affects Media’s choice of action and the play turns to narrate the plot of the jealousy and revenge of the character betrayed by her husband. It is most relatable here that the quarrel between Jason and Medea is the heart of the play by Euripides and the following actions by the husband along with the sense of strangeness among the Corinthians forced Medea take the ultimate revenge upon Jason. As Denys Page puts it, â€Å"Jason forsook Medea; Media killed his bride, his children, and his bride’s father.† (Page, xxi) In fact, it is the feeling of a stranger in the character of Medea which basically causes her subsequent actions and this feeling in the character was reinforced by the realization that her husband is has become an insider by way of marrying Glauce. Jason’s marriage to the Corinthian princess now makes him an insider which confronts Medea’s sense of outsider in the land of the Corinthians. Therefore, the fundamental factor contributing to Medea’s choice of action in killing Jason’s children, his bride and her father is her realization that she is a stranger among the Corinthians along with the fact that Jason will turn to be an insider in the land by marrying the Corinthian princess. The central action of the play by Euripides is the conflict between Jason and Medea which makes the husband an insider to Corinth and makes the wife remain a stranger to the land. Jason’s marriage to the Corinthian princess Glauce brings about a tragic situation to Medea who is left alone in a land of the strangers. She trusted Jason completely to leave everything she kept close to her heart. However, she comes to face a frustrating situation in Corinth where she feels a stranger when

Surrogate Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surrogate Decision Making - Essay Example A patient that is unable to give their consent due to their physical or mental limitations will require a surrogate. If a person were in a state of unconsciousness they would be unable to grant consent. If the patient were deemed incompetent to make an informed decision, this case would also require a surrogate. Comatose patients on life support are in the position of having someone else make their medical decisions for them. If a patient is incapacitated or incompetent, the decision is left to a responsible surrogate in a process called vicarious consent. If an incapacitated patient has a written document such as a living will or power of attorney, this can serve as a surrogate. In the absence of any document individual states have recommended protocols for the hierarchy of decision making. Generally the immediate family is the first to be considered. The spouse, parents, siblings, adult children, or a guardian may all be called upon to be a surrogate. If none of these are available, a close friend can act as a surrogate. The surrogate should be close enough to the patient that they not only act on their best behalf, but also are able to consider the incapacitated patient's wishes. There may be cases where there are no surrogates available. People who have no family or friends can be referred to a medical ethics committee to act as a surrogate.

Paul Ricoeur’s Philosophy and Theology. Essay Example for Free

Paul Ricoeur’s Philosophy and Theology. Essay Paul Ricoeur was born to a devout Protestant family and grew up with his aunt since he was two years of age. Because his mother died and his father was killed during the World War I, he grew up as an orphan in a small remuneration afforded to him by the government as a war orphan. He was a bookish and an exceptional student during his time; his family’s influence brought him up with Protestant faith. He studied philosophy at Sourbonne and got influence from Gabriel Marcel. During World War I, he served the French army in 1939, became prisoner of war in Germany for five years. During his stay at the camp, he met other intellectuals like Mikel Dufrenne and read a lot about Karl Jaspers who was to have a great influence on him. After the war, he continued his studies and in 1950, he received his doctorate degree. He was given opportunity to work as the Chair of General Philosophy in his alma mater in 1956; from there he began his work as a prolific writer sharing his philosophy and theology. Throughout his life, he was known and respected as one of the most impressive philosophers of the 20th century. Every event in his life has contributed to what he believed in. His Christian belief was influenced by his family; his philosophical view was influences of people he met, he talk, and read. He is a well-known Christian philosopher yet, his writings were appreciated by both non-Christian and Christian. Paul’s Ricoeur’s Philosophy Ricoeur’s philosophical is central to the meaning of life and self. Recoeur’s philosophy is based on the two questions about the self. These questions answers are about the identity of the self and how should it live. Recoeur viewed self hood as inter-subjective capacity for agency and self self-ascription, and anybody can acquire. It means that self as an agency, and self-ascription. However, in his exploration of the issue, he discussed the philosophical thinking in five aspects namely: hermeneutic philosophy, post-Hegelian-Kantian methodology, narrative theory, philosophy of the self, and a moral-political philosophy. Hermeneutics is defined as a system through which a certain belief is interpreted using a specific theory and method for interpretation. Paul’s hermeneutics philosophy according to Paul Ricceur and Richard Keamey is of twofold source of reflection: the hermeneutics of testimony and the hermeneutics of the self. In their explanation, Paul had come up with a thesis, which concludes that testimony must give something to be interpreted as in history, and this testimony will be the object of interpretation. The hermeneutics of self on the other hand pertains to the role in which attestation has to play. David Kaplan in his article explained that hermeneutics for Ricoeur is interpretation of knowledge through its signs, symbols, and texts; it is interpretation of human works and actions. The Post-Hegelian Kantian philosophy on the other hand, is mediation for Ricoeur in such a way that it is combining two different views. Ricoeur accepted Kant’s claim that ideas of morality and history is understandable, and that it has universal validity because of its theoretical and practical reasons. Hegel on the other hand, viewed evil in the world as the â€Å"cunning of reason† as helpful for man in realizing a reality. Thus, post-Hegelian Kantian means that expectation is a hope for a humanity belonging to a history, which as a whole is a collective singular. This vision of history is the foundation of ethics and laws in Kant. This implies that Ricoeur acknowledges the concept of totality as long as its scope of reflection is limited to universal rationality (or history). He is actually recognizing that any differences could be regarded as related as in plurality of voices (or idea) yet, reasons behind could be recognized when philosophy tries to find it. Ricoeur’s thesis in Time and Narrative presents that human experience and narration exist. Through hermeneutics, one can easily interpret human experience because it has narration or plot. Narration theory therefore, is telling, writing, and understanding of fictional stories, as Kaplan explained. Narration or plot according to Wall, Schweiker and Hall is an integration of philosophy of action and philosophy of language into a synthesis. By means of this integration, a production of narration is come alive through voluntary and involuntary human actions, its symbolic language, and conflicts, which are to be interpreted through hermeneutics methods linking the time and history. The Philosophy of Self or Philosophy of subjectivity is an attempt anyone can do to elucidate the meaning of man’s existence. Ricceur and Kearney explicate Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of self into the sovereign self and the destructive self. The sovereign self according to them represents the idea in its meaning in the modern philosophy, which pervades modern culture and develops the self-image of people in the modern society. The deconstructive self on the other hand presents self as pure extensionless, consciousness, already established in being. Self therefore has the capability of combining knowledge, and it is vulnerable for it seeks certainty and security. At this point, will and reason are very important to human for they are the instruments for self-preservation and self-advancement. Signs and symbols and human experience are essential for man to interpret the meaning of their existence. Moral Philosophy for Ricoeur emphasizes that human being is capable of affirming the limits of one’s own moral perspective and embracing God’s critical transformative power. Being a Bible believer, he believed that everyone has moral responsibility, which accounts directly to moral value. Wall Schweiker and Hall noted that these moral values could be deeply explored from distinctive theological and hermeneutical perspective as what Ricoeur tried to point out. The issue of moral thought or moral responsibility in the study of Ricoeur’s philosophy offers important remedy to present ethical situations or problems. Moral ethics is an expression of human capability though fallible man yet has the ability to embody moral values through the power of God by simply being humble enough to acknowledge weaknesses. Paul Ricoeur’s Theology According to Julisn F. Woods, Paul Recoeur approaches theology by asking questions such as: â€Å"Where is freedom? Or does le coincide with the discovery and understanding of an inner necessity deeper than choice and kind of autonomy? In a word, does the highest degree of freedom consist in the surging up of an absolute power of choosing or in the love fate? † These questions prelude Ricoeur’s ethical approach and hermeneutical approach to theology. Recoeur consider theology and philosophy to be distinct in terms of their contents. He sees theology as hermeneutical, which provides cross-disciplinary, cross-traditional conversational quest for truth. Recoeur was particularly interested in Biblical exegeses and has written an essay in collaboration with other New Testament scholars. He adopted Boltmanian tradition engaging in historical criticism while also affirming the breadth of Biblical genres. In the essay entitled â€Å"Ethics and Considerations on the Golden Rule† Recoeur cited that Christian Ethics or communal ethics in religious perspectives, as he calls it, consist in the tension between unilateral love and bilateral justice, and in mutual interpretation of each of these in terms of the other. According to Mark Wallace, Recoeur’s religious thought that as one attempts to interpret the Bible, it actually begins with the risk of understanding biblical language including symbols and signs. Recoeur himself stated that interpretation of the Bible should be in accordance with testimonies of the witnesses particularly the Jewish community. He regarded that the Christian message is meaningful and is worthy of consideration, and that examining it will it self very fully. For Ricoeur, the God of the Bible cannot be theoretically proven as a staple of reason or as a fact alongside other facts in our empirical experience. He believes that Gods existence cannot be proven by any natural theology that necessitates thought or the knowledge of empirical objects. Wallace pointed out that Recoeur relies on signs, not on proofs in interpretation of the language. Recoeur believed that pertaining to scripture language it relies on the signs and traces of a reality testified to at the horizon of philosophical reflection that demands to be interpreted and understood. In the argument of language interpretations, Ricoeur balances it against the possibility of error in the testimony of the witnessing community and regard it a risk that would result in false testimony. Wallace noted that the risk must be taken because the stakes are so high. Therefore, Ricoeur believed in the truthfulness of the Bible being the ultimate source of God’s words. Interpretation of it should undergo hermeneutical approach based on history by knowing underlying concepts suggested in symbols, signs and text. For Ricoeur, the stakes is the possibility of Biblical language being a faithful trace of God’s presence in the Jewish and Christian communities. He believed that the knowledge of the absolute is never given in an absolute sense but only relative to the contingent and fallible signs that the divine life gives of itself in its generosity. Ricoeur agreed that religion deals with man’s ultimate concern and that the New Testament calls to be Christ like, is the counterpart of the mandated self of the Hebrew Bible.

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills Among the other four skills, listening is the one that has been most forgotten and neglected in second language classrooms. So teachers dont pay much attention to this skill and teach it carelessly. In the field of language teaching and learning proficiency has tended to be viewed as the ability of speaking and writing in language in question. Listening and reading skills are in the second position. One reason for this situation might be the demanding characteristic of the listening skill. Listening has gained a new importance in language classrooms after spreading IT technology based information in society in Iran. Moreover it should be mentioned that most of the students class time is devoted to the listening. Despite this, we often take importance of listening for granted, and it is the most overlooked skill among other skills. In natural order of learning any language, listening stands at first rank. Without any reception one can not produce anything. Though, if a teacher wants t o have fluent and productive students, he/she should pay much and necessary attention to teaching listening skill. Listening Some of the teachers believe that speaking should be actively discouraged. One of the reasons of emphasizing listening and delaying speaking is based on an opinion. Those who give importance to speaking view the language as a product and think that language is a behavior and speaking is the manifestation of this learning or happening. On the contrary, there are approaches that gave more importance to listening Nation, Newton (2009). in this approach of language learning , listening is at the center. All of the information necessary for building up the knowledge for using language comes from receptive skills: listening, and reading. When the knowledge of language in this regard is built the learner can write and speak. In other words, with out any input, the outcome or output should be nothing. Gray and Gray (1981) described the benefits of delaying speaking and concentrating on listening. These benefits include the following: 1. The learner is not overloaded by having to focus on two or more skills at the same time-a cognitive benefit. 2. Speed of coverage -receptive knowledge grows faster than productive knowledge. 3. It is easy to move very quickly to realistic communicative listening activities. 4. L earners will not feel shy or worried about their language classes. Having to speak a foreign language, particularly when you know very little, can be a frightening experience. 5. Listening activities are well studied to independent learning through listening to readings. Critics believe that producing a language is not sufficient for learning. In language learning substantial quantities of receptive activity should be included in the mind for future use. To speak communicatively and to convey and understand the meaning, one should have a previous language knowledge and information in his/her mind. Models of listening Traditionally listening was viewed as a passive skill through which the listener or hearer received information sent by message senders. More recently listening is viewed as an active and interpretive process by which the message is not fixed but is made or created by participants. (Newton,Nation.2009) Types of listening According to Nation and Newton (2009) there are two types of listening: 1. One-way listening-typically associated with the transfer of information. 2. Two-listening- typically associated with maintaining social relations. As it is understood, in the first type of listening one can listen to monologues which are one way productions without any pause and stop to clarification. While in two-way listening both sides of interaction are active in a natural sounding dialogues. Listening process One of the listening processes is bottom-up one. In this process the message goes from the parts to the whole by piece. In this process the listener uses information which is already present in data. The other process in listening is top -down process. As Nation and Newton (2009) state this process involves the listener in inferencing. The listener goes from whole to parts. Listeners previous knowledge or information and his /her content of schemata help him/her to predict what the message will be. According to the above mentioned processes, listening is not a single skill but as a variety of sub-skills (Nation, Newton, 2009). So listening comprehension is a top-down approach which focuses on meaning and need much care and attention. Problems with traditional model There are a lot of problems with traditional models of teaching listening skills. In old methods of teaching the responsibility of learning were not upon the shoulders of the students. Teachers set goals. Chose material and control the equipments. There were little room for students preferences. the fact that the teacher still tends to choose the material becomes even harder to justify now that a wide range of spoken language is available to students outside the language classroom through a satellite TV and the internet (Goodith White, 2006). some of the teachers of this model , and learners are regarded as passive over-hearers rather than active participants in the listening process. They are often listening to audio or video tape which they can not stop. In order to clarify and solve the comprehension problems, it is necessary for them to integrate or interact with the speakers. In real life situations, listeners play an active and important role in dialogues and speech acts. They show interest, ask questions, ask for repetitions, and cause the speakers to modify some parts. Some ways of improving the teaching of listening It seems clear that the way of teaching listening needs to be modified and changed. In order to engage the students in the subject and make them active in the learning process some of the traditional problems of regarding models of teaching listening should be avoided. It is better to allow students to: 1.choose what they listen to 2. make their own listening text 3. control their equipment 4. give the instructions 5. design their own listening task 6. reflect on their problems in listening(White,2006). Goals for teaching and learning listening White (1998) states the listening skill goals as: -understanding short utterances on a literal semantic level -understanding interactive discourse -understanding the functional/illocutionary force of an utterance -interpreting utterances in terms of the situation -resolving comprehension problems by seeking help from the speaker -remembering input, monitoring, and evaluating how well one is understanding. Conclusion I tried to persuade the readers through these pages that the methodology for teaching listening needs to be changed. All aspects of listening skills should be covered and lead to true competence in listening with in a communicative competence framework. Suggestion is to deal with the listening in a more task based area of attention and authenticity of listening materials needs to be at the center of attention. Students and listeners should be encouraged to take more responsibility for developing their listening ability.